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An analysis of the chartered profile of individuals in a panel may afford the researcher an insight into the causal relationships. (b) Data secured from the same persons over a period of time, affording a detailed picture of the factors involved in bringing about shifts in opinions or attitudes, can be secured for everyone in the panel. Most importantly, they neither indicate who is changing nor do they follow the vagaries of the individual voter along the path of his vote, to discover the relative effects of various other influential factors on his final voting verdict. They conceal minor changes which tend to cancel out one another and sometimes even major changes if these are nullified by opposing trends. (a) If mini-samples of a given population are studied by single contacts and differences in the results noted from one period to another, one cannot know whether these differences are due to differences in the samples surveyed during each period includes the same persons or groups, as in the panel techniques, the variations or shifts in the results may be attributed with certitude to a real change in the phenomena studied.įor example, full effect of a campaign cannot be ascertained through sequence of polls taken on different people. A panel element is sometimes added to regular cross-sectional surveys, and rotating sample designs are a hybrid between panel study and regular survey. With the respondent’s permission, data from administrative records may be added, such as information from educational or medical records, which are usually more precise than the respondent’s recollection. For example, they may report ‘no change’ since the previous interview, so as to avoid detailed questioning on changes that have in fact occurred.ĭata are usually collected through interview surveys with respondents in the panel, with other informants (such as parents, doctors), with their spouses and other members of their household. Another problem is that people become experienced interviewees, leading to response bias. These are the key problems for panel studies, as initial samples are eroded by deaths, migration, fatigue with the study, and other causes. Because data relate to the same social units, change is measured more reliably than in regular cross-sectional studies, and sample sizes can be correspondingly smaller (often under 500), while remaining nationally representative, as long as non-response and sample attrition are kept within bounds. Another type is the nationally representative cross-sectional sample of households or employers that is interviewed at regular intervals over a period of years. Two of the most common types of panel are age-cohorts, people within a common age-band, and groups with some other date-specific common experience, such as people graduating from university, having a first child, or migrating to another country in a given year or band of years. A study that provides longitudinal data on a group of people, households, employers, or other social unit, termed ‘the panel’, about which information is collected over a period of months, years, or decades.
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